我國經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)與科技的(de)飛速發展(zhan)，人們日(ri)常生(sheng)產生(sheng)活的(de)電(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)、自動化(hua)、信息化(hua)程(cheng)度(du)越(yue)來越(yue)高，電(dian)(dian)工電(dian)(dian)子技術廣泛而深入(ru)地滲(shen)透到經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會的(de)各個行業和(he)(he)我們的(de)基(ji)本生(sheng)活之中。電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)早已(yi)成為(wei)其(qi)他很(hen)多能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)基(ji)礎性能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。在(zai)我們生(sheng)活、學習、工作以(yi)及(ji)衣、食、住、行中無所不(bu)在(zai)，且(qie)利用(yong)率頻繁而廣泛，接觸面寬(kuan)廣。在(zai)大(da)量(liang)的(de)現(xian)實(shi)生(sheng)活中，由于不(bu)能(neng)(neng)正確和(he)(he)規范(fan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)造成的(de)各種人身傷害和(he)(he)災難，造成的(de)巨大(da)的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)損失(shi)。對于電(dian)(dian)而言(yan)，安(an)全措施從管理上(shang)、技術上(shang)、宣傳上(shang)、手段上(shang)都是可行的(de)。本文就除了安(an)裝使用(yong)智慧用(yong)電(dian)(dian)系統外的(de)其(qi)他用(yong)電(dian)(dian)及(ji)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)安(an)全措施進行了深入(ru)的(de)探討(tao)。

1用電不安全因素(su)分析

發(fa)生觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)的原因固然是(shi)多方(fang)面(mian)的，但大多數是(shi)違(wei)章作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)造成(cheng)的。而缺乏(fa)必(bi)要的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)則往往是(shi)產生違(wei)章作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)的一(yi)個重要因素(su)。另外，缺乏(fa)必(bi)要的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，也使(shi)一(yi)些事(shi)故(gu)未(wei)能(neng)(neng)得到(dao)有效的防(fang)(fang)(fang)止，要有效地(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)人員觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)傷(shang)亡事(shi)故(gu)的發(fa)生，在操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的過程中，必(bi)須(xu)加強教育，提(ti)高素(su)質，落實保證安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)組(zu)織措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，必(bi)須(xu)加強貫徹(che)落實“用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為主”的方(fang)針。做(zuo)好防(fang)(fang)(fang)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)工傷(shang)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)火災、防(fang)(fang)(fang)爆炸、防(fang)(fang)(fang)誤操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)等事(shi)故(gu)，以確保人身(shen)及(ji)財產安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)。就其內涵而言：①科學普(pu)及(ji)日(ri)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)常(chang)識(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)基本(ben)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)。②專(zhuan)業(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)培訓與實踐。③安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)建設。④電(dian)(dian)(dian)工安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)。⑤落實電(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)業(ye)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術規范(fan)。⑥落實電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)工藝要領。⑦加強用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)規程的管理和(he)(he)落實。⑧設置安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。⑨佩戴安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備。⑩定期和(he)(he)不定期舉辦安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)講(jiang)座。⑧對電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備、線路、變(bian)壓器等設施(shi)(shi)進行巡查。⑥實踐中合(he)理規劃、安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)、設置供(gong)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設施(shi)(shi)設備。⑥嚴守交(jiao)接(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。⑩特別是(shi)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)必(bi)須(xu)規范(fan)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)。⑩熟練掌(zhang)握急救方(fang)法。才(cai)能(neng)(neng)確保人身(shen)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)。

防觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：是指人(ren)(ren)體接觸(chu)(chu)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體或設備存在漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過人(ren)(ren)體造(zao)成傷亡。一(yi)般來說，有直接觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、間(jian)接觸(chu)(chu)點、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、殘余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以及靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體造(zao)成的傷害程度(du)主要取決于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流強度(du)、頻率、路徑、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓以及人(ren)(ren)體健康和精神狀態。

觸電(dian)(dian)的(de)主要原因(yin)是：①電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)違章(zhang)操(cao)作(zuo)。②不(bu)完全(quan)(quan)具備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)基本條件的(de)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)。③電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)操(cao)作(zuo)工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)規范，造(zao)成非電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)觸電(dian)(dian)。④季節性觸電(dian)(dian)（秋(qiu)夏(xia)兩季潮濕(shi)、雷(lei)雨頻(pin)繁）。⑤對(dui)觸電(dian)(dian)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)采(cai)取(qu)急(ji)救措(cuo)施不(bu)及(ji)時。⑥電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)(bei)防護(hu)措(cuo)施不(bu)到(dao)(dao)位。⑦管理制度(du)不(bu)健全(quan)(quan)。⑧培訓力度(du)薄弱，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意識差。⑨安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)巡視不(bu)到(dao)(dao)位。⑩原故(gu)障排除不(bu)徹底。⑩電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)操(cao)作(zuo)錯誤和非電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)不(bu)熟悉。供、配、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)整個過(guo)程從始至(zhi)終(zhong)貫穿著不(bu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)因(yin)素。只(zhi)要我們認真(zhen)對(dui)待，并嚴守各項電(dian)(dian)力行業作(zuo)業規程。針對(dui)不(bu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)因(yin)素采(cai)取(qu)有力措(cuo)施，做到(dao)(dao)防護(hu)措(cuo)施到(dao)(dao)位，技(ji)術手段(duan)正確，就能更好讓電(dian)(dian)服務于人(ren)(ren)們的(de)各項生(sheng)活(huo)、生(sheng)產，帶(dai)來(lai)更多便利。

2安全用電措施

2.1科學普及日常用電常識(shi)和用電基本知識(shi)。

2.2采取技術措施

預防(fang)觸(chu)電(dian)的措(cuo)施主要有：采用接地保(bao)護(hu)、漏電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)、絕緣防(fang)護(hu)、屏護(hu)、安(an)全電(dian)壓(ya)、安(an)全標志、非導電(dian)場(chang)所、電(dian)氣隔(ge)離、不接地的局部等電(dian)位鏈接，保(bao)持安(an)全距離及設置障礙等。

接(jie)(jie)地保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)：電(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)發(fa)生一相對殼漏電(dian)時(shi)，接(jie)(jie)地保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)能降(jiang)低(di)(di)設(she)備(bei)外殼上的(de)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)，因而這是(shi)一個預防間接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)的(de)重要措施。但實踐表明，在大多(duo)數情(qing)況下，接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)不可能降(jiang)至安全電(dian)壓(ya)值。因此，接(jie)(jie)地保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)人身安全方面有局限性(xing)，必須有漏電(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)與其配(pei)合(he)。接(jie)(jie)地保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)接(jie)(jie)法共有四(si)中(zhong)類(lei)型（這里(li)指低(di)(di)壓(ya)電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）：①單獨(du)裝設(she)接(jie)(jie)地裝置的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)接(jie)(jie)地（TT一1，TT一2系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）。②共用(yong)接(jie)(jie)地裝置的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)接(jie)(jie)地（TT一3系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）。⑧采用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)中(zhong)性(xing)線(xian)得到(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)接(jie)(jie)零(ling)(ling)（TN—c系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）。④設(she)專用(yong)接(jie)(jie)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)接(jie)(jie)零(ling)(ling)（TN—S系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）。⑤將系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)一部分(fen)中(zhong)性(xing)導(dao)線(xian)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)導(dao)線(xian)的(de)功能合(he)在一根導(dao)線(xian)上（是(shi)TN—C系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和TN—S系(xi)(xi)統(tong)結合(he)的(de)形式，即：TT—C—S系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）。

2.3操作技術措施

主要是：停電(dian)、驗電(dian)、裝設(she)接地線(xian)、個人保安線(xian)、懸掛標示牌和裝設(she)護欄。

2.3.1停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。①停(ting)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)各(ge)端應(ying)有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)斷開(kai)點，或應(ying)有能反(fan)映設(she)(she)備(bei)運行狀態(tai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣和機(ji)械等指(zhi)示，不應(ying)在(zai)只經斷路器斷開(kai)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)上工作。②應(ying)斷開(kai)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)各(ge)側斷路器、隔離開(kai)關的(de)(de)控制電(dian)(dian)源和合閘能源，閉鎖(suo)隔離開(kai)關的(de)(de)操(cao)作機(ji)構。⑧高壓開(kai)關柜的(de)(de)手車開(kai)關應(ying)拉至“試驗”或“檢查”位置。

2.3.2驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。①直接(jie)驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)應(ying)使用(yong)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級的驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器在設備的接(jie)地(di)處(chu)逐相(xiang)(xiang)驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。②驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前，驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器應(ying)先在有電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備上確(que)證驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器良好(hao)。③在惡(e)劣氣象(xiang)條件(jian)時，對戶外設備及其他無法直接(jie)驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的設備，可間接(jie)驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2.3.3裝設接(jie)地(di)線(xian)(xian)、個人保(bao)安(an)線(xian)(xian)（電(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)路作業）。①裝設接(jie)地(di)線(xian)(xian)時應(ying)由兩人進行。②可能送(song)電(dian)至停電(dian)設備的各側都應(ying)接(jie)地(di)。⑧裝設接(jie)地(di)線(xian)(xian)、個人保(bao)安(an)線(xian)(xian)時，應(ying)先裝接(jie)地(di)端，后裝導線(xian)(xian)端。拆(chai)除接(jie)地(di)線(xian)(xian)的順序與(yu)此相反。④電(dian)纜(lan)接(jie)地(di)前(qian)應(ying)充分(fen)放(fang)電(dian)。

2.3.4懸掛標示牌和裝(zhuang)設遮(zhe)攔。①在一經(jing)合閘即可送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)工作地點的隔離(li)開關(guan)操(cao)作把手上，應懸掛“禁(jin)止合閘，有人(ren)工作！”或“禁(jin)止合閘，線路(lu)有人(ren)工作！”的標示牌。②為使檢修人(ren)員與帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體保持一定(ding)的距(ju)離(li)，應裝(zhuang)設臨時遮(zhe)攔。按照(zhao)規程合理規劃(hua)安裝(zhuang)供用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施。嚴格按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力建(jian)設、安裝(zhuang)規范、規程進行(xing)規劃(hua)，

從電(dian)力(li)設(she)施、設(she)備源頭上采取(qu)技術安全防范措施。設(she)置各項警示牌和(he)電(dian)力(li)符號及護攔(lan)不得忽視。只要我們(men)認真的(de)履行電(dian)力(li)行業規(gui)程(cheng)和(he)操(cao)手，就能(neng)讓“電(dian)老虎”為(wei)我們(men)創造(zao)更(geng)大的(de)效益(yi)。

3必(bi)須(xu)安裝(zhuang)漏電保(bao)護器的設(she)備(bei)和場所

（摘自全(quan)國統一編寫(xie)進網作業《電(dian)工培(pei)訓教材(cai)》下冊）。①屬于I類(lei)的移動式電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)及(ji)手持式電(dian)動工具；②安裝在(zai)潮濕、強(qiang)腐蝕性等(deng)環(huan)境惡(e)劣場所(suo)的電(dian)

氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備；⑧建筑施(shi)工工地的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)施(shi)工機械設(she)(she)(she)備；④暫設(she)(she)(she)臨時用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備；⑤賓館(guan)、飯店及招待所的客房內插座回路；⑥機關、學校、企業、住宅(zhai)等建筑物內的插座回路；⑦游(you)泳池(chi)、噴水(shui)池(chi)、浴池(chi)的水(shui)中照(zhao)明設(she)(she)(she)備；⑧安裝在水(shui)中的供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路和設(she)(she)(she)備；⑨醫院(yuan)中直(zhi)接接觸人體的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)醫用(yong)設(she)(she)(she)備；⑩其他(ta)需要安裝漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護器的場所。

對(dui)一旦發生(sheng)漏(lou)電(dian)切斷(duan)電(dian)源時(shi)會造成事故或重大(da)經濟(ji)損失的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣裝置(zhi)或場(chang)(chang)所(suo)，應(ying)安裝報(bao)警(jing)式漏(lou)電(dian)保護器。如(ru)：①公共場(chang)(chang)所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)通道(dao)照(zhao)明，應(ying)急照(zhao)明；②消防用電(dian)梯及確保公共場(chang)(chang)所(suo)安全的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)；⑧用于消防設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)源，如(ru)火災報(bao)警(jing)裝置(zhi)、消防水泵、消防通道(dao)照(zhao)明等；④用于防盜報(bao)警(jing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)源；⑤其他不允許停電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)特殊設備(bei)和場(chang)(chang)所(suo)。

總之(zhi)，隨著電(dian)(dian)力行業安(an)全制(zhi)度的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)完善，電(dian)(dian)力科(ke)(ke)技(ji)事業的(de)飛速發展，自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)程度的(de)提(ti)高(gao)，以(yi)(yi)“小電(dian)(dian)流控(kong)制(zhi)大電(dian)(dian)流，以(yi)(yi)低電(dian)(dian)壓控(kong)制(zhi)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓”和集成電(dian)(dian)路的(de)日趨(qu)應用(yong)(yong)，安(an)全措施不(bu)斷(duan)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)化(hua)，加之(zhi)日常科(ke)(ke)學用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)知識的(de)廣泛普(pu)及(ji)和電(dian)(dian)氣技(ji)術人員技(ji)能的(de)穩步提(ti)高(gao)，“安(an)全用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)，預防為主”，效益(yi)是(shi)中(zhong)心，安(an)全是(shi)基礎，以(yi)(yi)逐漸(jian)成為人們的(de)共識，是(shi)確保(bao)人身、設備及(ji)生產場所(suo)安(an)全的(de)重要(yao)環節，從而將(jiang)給社(she)會帶來巨(ju)大的(de)雙贏效應。，原因是(shi)如(ru)果密封面的(de)上(shang)面有存在(zai)顆粒狀的(de)或者是(shi)粉(fen)末(mo)狀的(de)物料的(de)話就會導致閥門(men)在(zai)關(guan)閉的(de)時候會比(bi)較不(bu)嚴實后面就會產生泄漏的(de)現(xian)象。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)需要(yao)保(bao)證的(de)是(shi)密封面的(de)上(shang)面是(shi)不(bu)存在(zai)物料的(de)。

在保證密(mi)封(feng)(feng)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)沒有物(wu)料(liao)的(de)存在，就需(xu)要(yao)做到(dao)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)，第一點(dian)(dian)是物(wu)料(liao)是不可以進入到(dao)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)的(de)；第二點(dian)(dian)在關閉的(de)過程里(li)面(mian)也要(yao)進行查看(kan)，需(xu)要(yao)及時的(de)對(dui)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)的(de)物(wu)料(liao)進行清除(chu)。

插板(ban)閥在(zai)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)過程之中開關狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)直觀性是(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)，在(zai)啟閉之后檢查完成的(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)是(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)方便(bian)和便(bian)捷的(de)。